The impending deprecation of third-party trackers is significantly changing the world of digital advertising . Marketers are progressively seeking novel solutions to assess user actions without relying on these established methods. Techniques like contextual advertising and leveraging probabilistic

Banner ads represent a staple element of online advertising. These rectangular visuals, typically presented at the top of web pages, seek to grab user interest. Concise messaging and eye-catching designs are essential for banner ads' fleeting nature. Their impact can be evaluated through engagement